This very simple circuit uses a transformer ,two diodes , a capacitor
and an ammeter. To charge a battery just connect the + and - terminals
of the circuit to the corresponding terminals of the battery.
When the battery is not charged, the ammeter reading shows 1-3 amps.
When the battery is fully charged the ammeter reads Zero or
nearly zero, after which the battery should be removed from the charger.
The circuit is a full wave rectifier using 2 diodes for rectification. The capacitor is used for smoothing.I think the circuit works fine without the capacitor since the battery itself acts a BIG capacitor. But when you are using the circuit to supply 12V (as a battery eliminator) the capacitor needs to be present. Care should be taken NOT to reverse the + and - terminals while connecting it to the battery.